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Kastle–Meyer test
The Kastle–Meyer test is a presumptive blood test, first described in 1903,〔History of the Kastle–Meyer test: In 1901, Joseph Hoeing Kastle and Oliver March Shedd in the U.S. found that biological material could cause the oxidation of phenolphthalin to phenolphthalein in slightly alkaline solutions. In 1903, Erich Meyer in Germany found that blood cells could also trigger the reaction. , ''Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift'', 50 (35) : 1489–1493; see especially pp. 1492-1493.] In 1906, Kastle and Amoss found that hemoglobin in blood triggered the reaction. In 1909, Kastle found that the test was sensitive to very dilute samples of blood. However, in 1908, Pozzi-Escot (who by then was living in Lima, Peru) found that the test produced false positive reactions in response to a number of substances besides blood. ," ''Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges'', 22 (11) : 415–416.] For further details on the history of the Kastle–Meyer test, see: Robert E. Gaensslen, ''Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry'' (1989 edition) (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, 1983), pages 103–105. (Available on-line ).〕 in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible presence of hemoglobin. It relies on the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin in blood to catalyze the oxidation of phenolphthalin (the colorless reduced form of phenolphthalein) into phenolphthalein, which is visible as a bright pink color. The Kastle–Meyer test is a form of catalytic blood test, one of the two main classes of forensic tests commonly employed by crime labs in the chemical identification of blood. The other class of tests used for this purpose are microcrystal tests, such as the Taichmann crystal test and the Takayama crystal test.
==Method==
A presumed blood sample is first collected with a swab. A drop of phenolphthalin reagent is added to the sample, and after a few seconds, a drop of hydrogen peroxide is applied to the swab. If the swab turns pink rapidly, it is said to test presumptive positive for blood. Waiting for periods over 30 seconds will result in most swabs turning pink naturally as they oxidize on their own in the air.
Optionally, the swab can first be treated with a drop of ethanol in order to lyse the cells present and gain increased sensitivity and specificity. This test is nondestructive to the sample, which can be kept and used in further tests at the lab; however, few labs would use the swab used for the Kastle–Meyer test in any further testing, opting instead to use a fresh swab of the original stain.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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